Day: November 30, 2008

Greg Mankiw Channels Keynes

I am struck by the degree of consensus among mainstream economists about how to deal with the current recession. Greg Mankiw, Chairman of President Bush’s Council of Economic Advisors from 2003 to 2005, wrote a New York Times op-ed arguing for a Keynesian response to the recession – which is what Summers, Stiglitz, and all the other Democrats are calling for.

It’s also a wonderfully clear exposition of the challenge, considering in order the logical possibilities for increasing aggregate demand. Mankiw doesn’t quite come out and endorse an increase in government spending, although he does say it’s the only component that can plausibly be increased (as opposed to consumption, investment, and net exports). He holds out some hope for expansionary Federal Reserve policy. In any case, it’s a quick read and worth it.

Oh, It’s Nice to Have the World’s Reserve Currency

When times are tough, governments have to borrow money. Luckily for us Americans, we can borrow it for free (for now at least – I know this isn’t going to be true forever): 3-month Treasuries have a yield of 0.01%, and even 3-years are at 1.25%, both below the rate of inflation. (By the way, even if you don’t have Bloomberg, you can get Treasury yields at Yahoo! Finance among other places.)

By contrast, the UK and Italy recently had unexpected trouble selling 3- and 4-year bonds, respectively, having to offer 10 basis points over similar existing debt. Mind you, this isn’t Iceland and Hungary we’re talking about here, but two members of the G7. Basically, investors are getting worried that deep recession (which crimps tax revenues) and large bailout packages, piled on top of existing debt, are creating the risk that at some point governments will either default on their debt or, in the case of the UK (which still controls its currency), inflate it away. The same concern can be seen in credit default swap spreads (remember Friday’s post?). Italy’s have climbed from single digits for most of 2007 and 40 bp in the summer to 141 bp.

Waiting for the European Central Bank, And Waiting

The European Central Bank is widely expected to cut interest rates, perhaps by 50 basis points (half of a percentage point), this week. They could, of course, follow the lead of the Bank of England or the Swiss National Bank and go for a much larger cut (150 basis points and 100 basis points respectively on their most recent rounds). But they probably won’t and not because the economic outlook in the eurozone looks so different from those other parts of Europe or because the the ECB’s Governing Council knows something we don’t or because their interest rates are already low (actually, at 3.25%, they are definitely on the high side.)

The difference really lies in two factors: extreme views about inflation, and the nature of decision-making within the ECB. Belief that a resurgence of inflation is always imminent is, of course, Germanic but not limited to Germany. Within the 15 central banks represented on the ECB’s Governing Council, there will always be at least one or two who see unions as looking for an excuse to push up wages. We can debate whether or not this view is correct under today’s circumstances, but that is irrelevant – these inflation hawks still appear to strongly hold such beliefs.

Of course, there are inflation hawks among all groups that make monetary policy. But the consensus-seeking process at the ECB is such that even just a few such people can serve as an effective brake on rapid action. The existence of such views has plainly not prevented the ECB from taking dramatic action on some fronts (e.g., in terms of liquidity provision the ECB arguably moved farther and faster than the Fed last year), but for core monetary policy issues – i.e., when the price stability “mission” is at stake – a couple of outliers can really slow things down (particularly if one or more are members of the Executive Board.)

if the ECB puts through a fairly standard interest rate cut, then it is Business As Usual in the eurozone. Combined with the rather anemic (or largely smoke and mirrrors) fiscal stimulus in the EU, on top of Europe’s well-known labor market inflexibility (i.e., it is hard to reduce your wage costs, even if business turns down sharply), then the eurozone is in for a rough ride.

If the ECB surprises the market with a dramatic interest rate cut, at least we will know they are firmly in catch-up mode. But even then, I’m afraid it is probably too late to have much effect on the recession in 2009. Under the best of circumstances, interest rate moves affect the real economy with a lag of at least a year. And the current disruption in the credit market is far from helping monetary policy be effective.

While we will no doubt look back on this crisis as having its epicenter in the U.S., it’s the lack of coherent policy response (monetary, fiscal, regulatory) in Europe over the past year that has really helped turn this into a sustained global crisis.